Abstract

This research paper examines the economic, social, and cultural impacts of the influx of internally displaced persons (IDPs) into Gedarif State, Eastern Sudan, following the outbreak of civil war in mid-April 2023. The conflict has resulted in nearly 11 million people being displaced within Sudan and over 3.1 million seeking refuge in neighboring countries. Gedarif, with a population of approximately 2.3 million, has welcomed over 1 million IDPs, placing significant strain on local infrastructure, housing, and social dynamics. This study employs qualitative methods, including face-to-face interviews and observations, to thoroughly investigate these impacts. It explores both the coping strategies of the internally displaced and the host communities’ reactions to the influx of refugees. This research contributes to the broader literature on forced migration by highlighting the intricate interplay of economic, social, and cultural factors within the displacement crisis. It underscores the urgent need for comprehensive and well-funded humanitarian interventions that address both immediate relief and long-term solutions, advocating for strategies that equitably balance the needs of displaced populations and host communities.

1.  Introduction

The conflict that erupted in April 2023 between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) in Khartoum has led to a massive displacement crisis, which is still ongoing. According to the IOM as 29 October, 2024, nearly 11,018,231 people have been displaced internally within Sudan, across 9,470 locations and 184 localities in all 18 states. Additionally, approximately 3,128,939 individuals have crossed into neighboring countries. The highest numbers of internally displaced persons (IDPs) originated from Khartoum (33%, or 3,661,000 IDPs), South Darfur (19%), and North Darfur (15%). These IDPs have been distributed across a vast number of locations, with the largest concentrations in South Darfur (17%), North Darfur (14%), and Gedarif State (9%), according to DTM Sudan Mobility Update.

Gedarif State, located in eastern Sudan, has been a major destination for displaced populations. With a total population of 2,346,063, Gedarif has received 1,032,125 IDPs, representing approximately 207,241 households. This includes 23,471 individuals displaced before April 15, 2023, and 1,008,654 displaced after that date. The IDPs have sought refuge across 528 locations within all 12 localities of Gedarif State, significantly impacting the region's social, economic, and humanitarian landscape. The ongoing crisis in Sudan has led to the displacement ofIDPs with diverse tribal, social, and cultural backgrounds seeking refuge in Gedarif. Respondents have indicated that a primary factor in their choice of Gedarif State as a destination is the presence of relatives and established networks in the area. These IDPs hail from four distinct states, each undertaking unique routes to reach Gedarif, with their journeys shaped by various challenges and circumstances. They have faced significant obstacles, including difficulties in transportation, threats from road bandits, various forms of exploitation, food scarcity, and a lack of access to healthcare services. The origin states of the IDPs arriving in Gedarif include: Khartoum, Gezira, Greater Darfur State (encompassing South, North, West, and Central Darfur) and Sennar states. This diverse background underscores the complexities of the current displacement situation, as individual experiences and challenges vary considerably depending on their state of origin and the conditions encountered along their journey.

The influx of IDPs to Gedarif has exacerbated an already challenging housing situation in the state. Before this influx, the city was grappling with several interconnected issues. A steady stream of people moving from rural areas to Gedarif in search of better economic opportunities has fueled rapid urban growth, straining existing housing infrastructure. The combination of migration and the recent influx of IDPs has significantly increased demand for housing, driving up rental prices. Landlords often prioritize renting to wealthier refugees or aid organizations, who can afford higher rents, further squeezing out low-income residents. The city's housing stock has not kept pace with the growing population, and new construction is insufficient to meet the demand. Delayed housing development projects have hindered the city's ability to address the housing shortage. Many residents have resorted to building informal settlements, characterized by overcrowding and poor living conditions.

The influx of IDPs into host communities often generates a complex web of both challenges and opportunities, particularly in contexts like Gedarif State in Eastern Sudan. While the arrival of IDPs brings tangible strains on local infrastructure, economies, and social structures, it also presents potential for socio-economic and cultural enrichment. This dual impact—comprising both costs and benefits—has been widely discussed in migrant literature. However, it is essential to approach this issue from a nuanced perspective, acknowledging the difficulties while recognizing the potential for collaboration and mutual adaptation between displaced populations and host communities.

This working paper examines the economic, social, and cultural impacts of the influx of IDPs into Gedarif State in Eastern Sudan due to the ongoing conflict. It investigates both the challenges and benefits faced by IDPs and host communities. The paper is structured as follows: Section 2 provides a literature review, offering an overview of existing research on displacement and its impacts. Section 3 outlines the research objectives, detailing the goals of the study. Section 4 describes the research methodology, explaining the approach and methods used to collect and analyze data. Section 5 presents the study outcomes, which include the results and discussions of the findings. Section 6 offers the conclusion, summarizing the key insights from the study. The final section, recommendations, suggests potential actions and strategies for addressing the challenges identified in the research.

1.1      Research objectives

The research aims to analyze the costs and benefits experienced by both internally displaced persons (IDPs) and the hosting communities in Gedarif State, eastern Sudan. It specifically focuses on assessing the social, cultural, and economic impacts on the study population. Additionally, the research explores the strategies employed by the population to cope with the challenges they face, as well as examining the response from national and international aid agencies in supporting the study population.

1.2      Research methodology

The methodology for this research involved field visits to locations in Gedarif State, focusing on gathering sites of IDPs/refugees (hosted at schools, camps, dormitories, guest houses, or rental houses), hosting families, and governmental and charity organizations. Face-to-face interviews and observations were conducted to gather data. In this research, we utilized in-depth interviews to gather qualitative data. Subsequently, we employed a qualitative analysis method to examine the converted interview material, involving classification and thorough analysis. The research population is divided into two categories: the IDPs category and the host communities’ category. We conducted 17 interviews in the first category (4 males, 13 females) and 13 interviews in the latter category (6 males, 7 females). The comprehensive interviews delved into the experiences of displacement, encompassing the cultural and social backgrounds of the displaced individuals, their methods of adjusting to the new environment, and their pre-and post-displacement economic, health, social, and cultural circumstances, as well as their future aspirations. Similar inquiries were made with the host communities to gain insight into their perspectives and adaptation strategies in accommodating the IDP population.

The study on the economic, social, and cultural costs and benefits of the ongoing war in Sudan aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of what to is happening the IDPs and the host community of Gedarif State. However, the researchers faced challenges in reaching all the relevant shelter centres and collecting a larger sample from the community. As a result, the study could not fully capture the diverse experiences and perspectives of the study population. This limitation highlights the difficulties in thoroughly assessing the multifaceted consequences of such a complex and ongoing conflict, emphasizing the need for continued efforts to gather more representative data and shed light on the full spectrum of the war's impacts on the local population.

2. Literature review: The impact of forced displacement on host communities

This literature review explores the diverse and often complex impacts of forced displacement on host communities globally, with a focus on economic, social, and cultural dynamics. It synthesizes the findings of several studies to offer a comprehensive understanding of the consequences faced by both displaced populations and their host communities. The review covers a variety of regional contexts, drawing from both refugee and internally displaced persons (IDP) cases to highlight key patterns, challenges, and opportunities.

Research shows that hosting refugees and IDPs tends to place significant pressure on host communities, especially in developing regions. According to Maystadt et al. (2019), most displaced populations are located in the world’s poorest countries, with Africa hosting more than three times the number of displaced people compared to Europe, North America, and Australia. These inflows often have profound effects on local economic, social, and environmental conditions.

Maystadt et.al’s study points at the immediate risks for conflict to spill over into host communities. Tensions may arise due to competition for resources or the differing cultural backgrounds of displaced populations and residents. Their study further demonstrates that regions with ongoing conflicts, such as South Sudan and parts of Central Africa, have shown that violence often escalates when large numbers of refugees or IDPs arrive in already volatile regions. Host communities can experience environmental strain due to overuse of local resources, such as water, arable land, and firewood. This can lead to deforestation, soil depletion, and other forms of environmental degradation, as displaced populations often rely heavily on local natural resources for survival. Refugee influxes often lead to public health challenges. The crowded conditions of refugee camps or host communities can increase the risk of disease outbreaks, particularly in areas where sanitation and healthcare systems are underdeveloped. The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the heightened vulnerability of displaced populations to infectious diseases, which may also affect the local population.

Over time, the need to accommodate IDPs can lead to investments in infrastructure that benefit both the displaced and the local population. For instance, new roads, schools, hospitals, and housing may be developed to meet the demands of increased populations, offering long-term benefits to host communities (Maystadt et.al 2019). While there may be an initial economic strain, displaced populations can stimulate local economies by increasing demand for goods, services, and labour. Refugees can fill labour shortages in certain sectors, particularly in agriculture and construction, and can also create new opportunities for entrepreneurship and trade. However, the influx of IDPs can also lead to competition for limited jobs, particularly in areas where unemployment is already high. This can result in rising wages for low-skilled jobs, but also in social tensions, if local populations feel that refugees are taking jobs or benefits they are entitled to. Despite these potential benefits, the overall impact of hosting displaced populations is often uneven. Some host communities experience growth and development, while others face resource shortages, rising social tensions, and economic difficulties. In particular, areas that already suffer from poverty and weak governance structures are less able to absorb large numbers of displaced people without exacerbating existing vulnerabilities (Maystadt et.al 2019).

Ansar and Khaled’s (2021) study explores the socio-economic tensions surrounding the arrival of Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. They argue that anti-refugee sentiment in host communities is largely driven by factors such as economic instability, unequal distribution of humanitarian aid, and political uncertainty. They call for a more inclusive approach to refugee integration, stressing that both host communities and refugees should be involved in decision-making processes that affect their lives. Ver Fajth et al. (2019) investigated the situation in Rwanda, where proximity to refugee camps has led to the strengthening of informal social networks and cooperation between refugees and local communities. In this case, trust-building activities and community-level initiatives have helped reduce tensions, highlighting the potential for refugees to contribute positively to their host environments when provided with appropriate support. Muzemil et al. (2023) focus on Ethiopia, where internal displacement has become a significant issue due to ongoing ethnic and political conflicts. Their research highlights the economic strain placed on host communities, particularly in urban areas where IDPs are arriving in large numbers. The authors stress the need for targeted interventions to support both the displaced populations and the local residents who face rising unemployment, poverty, and social fragmentation. The Polish experience with Ukrainian refugees offers a contrast to many other cases. Kossowska et al. (2023) examine how Poland’s support for Ukrainian refugees has been shaped by shared cultural ties, fears of Russian aggression, and a strong sense of solidarity. The authors emphasize that social identity plays a crucial role in motivating host communities to assist. This case also demonstrates that shared historical and political contexts can foster solidarity, mitigating some of the social tensions that typically arise in refugee-hosting situations.

Findings from Sudan reflect many of the same issues found in the studies from other parts of the world referred to above. Elhaj (2018) emphasizes the immense pressure placed on local resources and public services, particularly in healthcare and education, due to large IDP populations in Sudan. These strains have worsened as conflicts have persisted, highlighting the importance of international aid and the need for comprehensive local planning to address resource gaps.  Babiker et al. (2021) examined the socio-economic effects of Ethiopian refugees arriving in eastern Sudan. Their study highlights significant disruptions to local markets, with price fluctuations and a rise in social tensions, especially concerning differences in religion, gender norms, and cultural practices. These tensions underscore the complex socio-cultural dynamics that play a role in both exacerbating and alleviating the challenges of displacement.

The literature from Sudan and elsewhere within this field underscores the multifaceted challenges and opportunities that arise when communities host displaced populations. While forced displacement often leads to immediate economic and social strains, it can also present opportunities for infrastructure development, economic growth, and social cohesion, particularly when host communities are prepared and supported. However, the benefits are not always evenly distributed. Factors such as the scale and duration of displacement, the level of governmental and humanitarian support, and the local socio-cultural context play a significant role in determining the outcomes of displacement. To effectively address the challenges of forced displacement, it is essential to adopt a holistic and inclusive approach that goes beyond emergency relief. Long-term solutions must focus on integration, addressing the root causes of displacement, and fostering peaceful coexistence between displaced populations and host communities.

3.  The economic aspects of the displacement

In Gedarif, the acute housing scarcities are exacerbated by the lack of basic services and infrastructure. Many areas, particularly rapidly expanding urban areas, face intermittent or inadequate access to clean water. Frequent power outages and limited coverage in new areas disrupt daily life and reduce the quality of living. Poor road infrastructure contributes to traffic congestion and limits accessibility to housing and essential services. The rapid urban growth has outpaced the development of adequate waste management and sanitation systems, leading to poor living conditions in overcrowded neighborhoods. The confluence of these factors has created a complex housing crisis in Gedarif, impacting both long-time residents and newly arrived-IDPs.  Upon arriving in Gedarif, the internally displaced persons (IDPs) have faced this urgent housing crisis. Insights gathered from interviews reveal a variety of adaptive strategies employed to address this challenge. Some have the option of living with family and relatives, while other are renting houses. A third option is utilizing shelter centres, such as schools, university dormitories, and government institutions. There are a total of 528 shelter centres in Gedarif State, with most located in Gedarif municipality, while the remaining centres are distributed across the state's 11 localities. A fourth category of IDPs ulilizes unoccupied residential plots as temporary housing. According to the IOM Displacement Tracking Matrix (DTM) the majority of IDPs (82%) are residing with host families. Approximately 10% of IDPs have found shelter in rented spaces; and around 8% of IDPs are housed in schools or other public buildings.

Shelter centres have emerged as a practical solution for many IDPs, providing them with a temporary respite from the challenges of housing. These centres offer a basic level of protection and essential amenities, catering to the immediate needs of those who have been displaced. This option is particularly appealing for those who may lack the financial resources to secure more permanent accommodation. On the other hand, the IDPs who possess the financial means have opted to rent houses as their preferred choice. This decision reflects their desire for a more stable and independent living situation, where they can maintain a sense of autonomy and privacy. It is worth mentioning that the IDPs living with their relatives deprives them of some of the services associated with shelter centres. They seek to benefit from these services through registration, but they consider the registration system ineffective and depends on connections and relationships, and sometimes after registration, you may not get any aid. Noticeably, the IDPs may move residences based on changing circumstances, affecting their social status and interactions with the host community. While the influx of IDPs have added pressure to an already difficult housing situation, parts of the host community have managed to take economic advantage of the situation. Some house owners have increased rental prices. Also, some residents have built and rehabilitated their homes considering that displacement provides an economic opportunity for them by renting their homes to IDPs with conditions. Another group of house owners have however done the opposite, temporarily giving their homes to the displaced for free.

Despite a critical housing shortage, the communities of Gedarif State have opened their arms to over a million internally displaced persons (IDPs). Referred to as "guests" by the hosts, many IDPs find refuge with families they share varying degrees of kinship with. This remarkable response reflects core Sudanese cultural values: generosity, hospitality, and a strong sense of communal responsibility. These values, deeply rooted in rural life, prioritize solidarity over personal gain, contrasting with a more individualistic approach seen elsewhere. Local initiatives have been instrumental in supporting IDPs. Grassroots organizations have been providing ongoing assistance – shelter, food, medicine, clothing, and water – for over 560 days. Individual acts of kindness abound as well, with medical professionals offering free services and companies like Mahgoub Sons Group donating land with essential utilities for IDP camps.

The IDPs make a living through many different sources. Some of the IDPs have relied entirely on remittances from their relatives residing outside Sudan (expatriates) or in other areas of Sudan, while others have only partially relied on these transfers. There is also a small group within the surveyed community that did not receive any transfers at all. For work, the private sector (i.e., small businesses) appears to be the most prominent option among the IDP community. Some individuals continue to work in the same profession they were engaged in before the war, utilizing their previous experience and network of relationships to sustain their work. Others were compelled to enter the private sector with the assistance of relatives and acquaintances, while some encountered difficulties in accessing this sector. Moreover, the IDPs include former government employees who now experience irregularities in receiving their monthly salaries. They commonly resort to using their previous savings, selling assets and collectables, and relying on in-kind support from family members to meet their needs.

Due to the impact of the war, the IDPs have been compelled to prioritize acquiring essential goods, leading them to forgo what were once deemed luxuries. The following is an excerpt from fieldwork interviews:

“Before displacement, the monthly income was sufficient to buy daily needs and pay medical bills, approximately about four hundred thousand Sudanese pounds. Now, after displacement, the situation has become difficult and there is no fixed income. My husband and I work in marginal businesses in a sub-market, and the income is insufficient, and with the turbulent security situation and the imposition of a curfew after six in the evening, we lost a source of income from selling food in the evening”

The IDPs provided varied testimonies regarding the support from institutions and organizations. However, the overall trend suggests limited support from a few organizations. Support from organizations is primarily associated with staying in shelter centres and may require some knowledge and intermediary assistance. Some of the IDPs have experience receiving aid. A small group believes that there is no support and is unaware of its existence. As one of the displaced female respondents disclosed:

“I didn’t receive any financial support, neither from the government, nor organizations before and after displacement, but there is support in the form of utensils and some furniture from relatives”

The study population has indicated the scarcity of job opportunities in Gedarif due to the fleeing of many business owners, especially after the fall of Wad Medani to RSF. Certain interviewees indicated that:

“Investors at the beginning of the war started opening their businesses in the states. However, after the strike and civilian casualties in Medani, the situation became very difficult, opportunities became rare, and some of them lost their documents as well, making it challenging to find work in Gedarif” (a female from a hosting family).

“After the war began and many people were displaced, numerous obstacles emerged, making job opportunities scarce. Additionally, with the fall of Wad Medani to RSF, many merchants started transporting goods out of Gedarif because of fear of looting and capital loss” (a male from a hosting family in Gedarif).

The lack of access to employment is attributed to their unfamiliarity with the region, limited social connections, the seasonal nature of the local economy, and the absence of industries. Exploitative practices, such as offering inadequate wages, further exacerbate their employment challenges. Additionally, many displaced individuals have lost important documents due to conflict, leading to suspicion and harassment by authorities. A male family leader from the hosting community stated the following:

“As for the IDPs who stayed with me, they searched for work but did not find it. Finally, one of them was able to work in the market, but the security forces arrested him on charges that the young men who work selling cigarettes and cash are members of the Rapid Support Forces (RSF). They were detained, and after verifying their identities, they left them, so they stopped working”.

4.  The social bearings of displacement

In discussions with the study population about the causes of displacement to Gedarif, the majority of displaced individuals refer to the situation in Khartoum as a war without delving into specific details or expressing support for either party. Their displacement is attributed to the war, with some experiencing multiple displacements. Many cite the presence of their relatives in Gedarif as a key reason for migrating there, while others claim roots in Gedarif. Additionally, some individuals chose Gedarif based on the decisions of their neighbours in Khartoum.

The initial interaction between the IDPs and the host communities in Gedarif was incredibly positive, with the IDPs receiving significant support and experiencing a sense of social unity and cooperation. The displacement experience also empowered them to become more self-reliant, expand their social circles, and reconnect with old acquaintances. However, as time passed, a multitude of issues emerged, leading to the unfortunate association of stigma with displacement, causing various societal challenges for the host communities.

Noticeably, the location of residence has a significant impact on the social interactions of IDPs, both among themselves and with host communities. For example, those living with relatives experience specific social dynamics, with the head of the household assuming the role of a landlord and interacting within the family unit. This is often tied to their economic situation.

On the other hand, individuals in shelter centres develop a collective identity linked to displacement, sharing a common experience and interacting with various institutions and organizations. Meanwhile, those IDPs living with host families in an undeveloped area may face stigmas associated with their living conditions.

In Gedarif State, shelter centres for refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) have proven to be more than just a refuge from danger. While forced migrants often associate camps with poor conditions, in Gedarif, these shelters offer not only basic services like food, water, and medical care, but also a sense of community, security, and solidarity. Organized by both the host community and humanitarian groups, the shelters foster interaction, cultural exchange, and resilience, providing IDPs with emotional support and a greater sense of belonging during difficult times.

One of the most worth mentioning stories is the solidarity that has been observed between recent Ethiopian refugees, Sudanese IDPs, and long-residing Ethiopian refugees who have fled their country before to the current war zones. Tuneydbah refugee camp^[1],  represents the site of the story, wherein Ethiopian refugees rushed to collect donations to help Sudanese IDPs fleeing from the war in Khartoum. Each neighbourhood committee in the camp collected their donations. An Ethiopian refugee stated, "We have collected over 100 sacks of corn so far." He added, "We gathered ten sacks of corn and approximately 150 US dollars to assist the Sudanese IDPs, as an expression of gratitude towards them."

An Ethiopian female refugee from the Tuneydbah camp said that:

“The entire camp (house by house) joined us in providing meals for seven days for these refugees fleeing from the war in Khartoum, as we do not forget that these refugees helped us when we sought refuge in Sudan three years ago, bringing us medical and food supplies”.

She also mentioned that each family brought a piece of bread or salt for the refugees, as they shared with them clothes and money. This story highlights an important finding: the shared experience of being a refugee creates a strong sense of collective identity and solidarity, transcending national or ethnic boundaries. The common history of displacement fosters empathy and a deep sense of mutual support, as evidenced by the Ethiopian refugees’ efforts to help Sudanese IDPs.

5.  Cultural interchanges between hosts and IDPS

Though the study population expressed keenness for their peaceful coexistence in Gedarif State, certain hosting families perceived the IDPs as a threat to the values and customs of the host communities in Gedarif State, particularly regarding gender relations. This is linked to a collective identity of the many IDPs from the capital, related to the "culture of Khartoum societies," which emphasizes openness in gender relations and sets standards for female clothing and behaviour. These IDPs, consider these issues as a major factor in their interactions with the host communities. Arriving in a society with more conservative customs, they view it as a right that has been taken from them due to their residence outside Khartoum.

“In Khartoum, I used to wear regular pants without any issues. However, in Gedarif, I faced bullying for wearing pants and was compelled to stop. Additionally, cultural norms restrict girls from going out after sunset, whereas in Khartoum, I used to return home at midnight”. (an adult female IDP from Khartoum).

Some hosts, on the other side, see the IDPs liberal cultural practices as a source of tension in the local communities:

“I believe it is important to acknowledge the cultural differences in dress and social activities. In my opinion, the mingling of men and women in one gathering may not align with the principles of the Islamic religion”. (A male from a hosting family).

“There is a difference in some types of clothing and food”. (A female from a hosting family).

“It has come to our attention that the presence of girls and their mothers sitting in the street, especially at night, has caused inconvenience and concern among the neighbours. While everyone has the right to personal freedom, it's important to consider the impact of our actions on the community. We believe that open communication and mutual respect can help us find a solution that addresses everyone's needs and ensures harmony in the neighbourhood”. (A male from a hosting family).

Speaking about social interaction between the IDPs and the host families, there was an initial positive, cooperative period followed by a period of conflict after some time had passed.

After the ‘honeymoon’ period was over, social and cultural differences emerged. This varies from disagreements about food, its type and method of eating to host communities reacting towards what they saw as IDPs’ unacceptable linguistic expressions, that IDPs did not pay visits to relatives, staying up and sleeping late, as well as issues related to gender relations, women’s clothing and their leaving the house at specific times of the day. These issues formed the fuel that ignited conflicts between the IDPs and the host communities and contributed to the spread of the idea that the IDPs constituted a threat to the Gedarif community’s values ​​and culture.

“The interactions we experience can vary widely, from warm welcomes to outright rejection and insults. Unfortunately, many people unfairly blame us for the high prices, water and transportation crises, and other social issues, such as the presence of girls in cafes. It's important to recognize that we are not the root cause of these problems. There is a clear cultural difference with Khartoum, where there are more freedoms compared to more conservative societies that excessively interfere in the personal affairs of others” (a female IDP from Khartoum).

The quote above describes the experiences of a female IDP from Khartoum, highlighting the complex ways in which displaced people are received by local communities in Gedarif. The displaced individuals face a spectrum of interactions—some are welcomed warmly, while others encounter rejection and insults. This variation reflects the mixed attitudes the host community has toward them. She notes that displaced people are often blamed for local social problems in Gedarif, such as rising prices, water and transportation shortages, and cultural tensions (e.g., issues like girls being seen in cafes). She suggests that these problems are more complex and cannot be attributed to the presence of displaced persons alone. She points to a cultural divide between the more liberal, urban setting of Khartoum and the more conservative, traditional norms in Gedarif. Khartoum is seen as a place with more personal freedoms and fewer social restrictions, whereas more rural areas like Gedarif have stricter social norms and more interference in personal affairs.

When discussing the impact of displacement, it is essential to consider the profound losses experienced by those forced to leave their homes. IDPs grapple with the emotional weight of leaving behind their past, as well as the challenges they face in their new environment. From mental health struggles such as depression and anxiety to the educational setbacks and health risks their children encounter, the toll is significant. In Gedarif, for instance, issues like the spread of diseases such as dengue fever, limited access to healthcare, and water scarcity further exacerbate the plight of the IDPs. These are urgent concerns that demand attention and action.

6.  National and international responses to displacement 

The management of shelter centres falls under the jurisdiction of local authorities, specifically the newly established Department of Displaced Persons (DDP). This department collaborates with the Humanitarian Aid Commission (HAC) to oversee the welfare of IDPs. During our fieldwork, we observed that shelter centres often face challenges related to inadequate access to water and sanitation facilities. By improving infrastructure within these centres, we can ensure that the IDPs receive essential services. Additionally, the quality of facilities varies between schools in urban and rural areas.

Numerous national, and international organizations, and local partners, including emergency response teams, youth initiatives, and women's groups, are actively providing essential items and services to both Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs) and the host communities in Gedarif.

The following table summarizes the key organizations and their specific activities:

No.	Organization	Specific Activities
1.	UNHCR	Shelters, core relief items and protection
2.	UNICEF	School supplies, health and psychosocial support
3.	WFP	Food (sorghum, lentils and oil)
4.	IOM	Mobile clinic & non-food items
5.	SRCS	Health awareness and emergency response training
6.	MSF	Medical supplies & healthcare services
7.	NRC	Cash distribution
8.	NCA	Protection, and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH)
9.	King Salman Relief	WASH services and shelter items
10.	DRC	Protection and psychosocial support
11.	El-Eshrag	Food items
12.	WHH	Food items (oil, flour, lentil)
13.	Zakat Chamber	Grain distribution (sorghum)
14.	ZOA	Food and non-food items

Source: Data gathered through the fieldwork for this study in Gedarif 

These organizations are making a significant difference in the lives of internally displaced persons and host communities by providing critical aid and support during this challenging time. However, the humanitarian response plans from these organizations remains severely underfunded. Despite a proliferation of non-governmental organizations responding to the urgent needs of IDPs, their efforts have not been sufficient to address the myriad of problems faced by IDPs in Gedarif State.

For instance, inadequacies in health services are particularly glaring, with widespread outbreaks of diseases such as cholera, malaria, eye infections, and dengue fever exacerbated by a lack of medicine and health awareness. Food distribution efforts are insufficient, and the quality of available items is alarmingly poor. Moreover, IDPs report inadequate provision of cash assistance and essential supplies, including hygiene products like soap, which further exacerbates their suffering. The urgent call from IDPs for immediate intervention to rectify these deficiencies underscores the critical need for improved living conditions. Collectively, these issues highlight systemic challenges in upholding the rights and well-being of IDPs amid a lack of effective intervention responses that consider the social and cultural challenges associated with the ongoing influx of IDPs. As the conflict in Sudan continues, these challenges may lead to increased tensions between IDPs and host communities, making it imperative for stakeholders to address both immediate humanitarian needs and long-term solutions to foster peace and stability in the area.

7.  What does the future hold? Hosts on the prospects for IDPs

When the study population was asked about the future, viewpoints varied among those we met from host communities. Some believe that IDPs need longer stays because reaching a final peace in Sudan requires a period of time and adapting to the current situation is the best choice, while others think it is better for them to return to their areas if the war stops and there are third party willing to escape out Sudan. The perspectives of the host community in Gedarif regarding the future of IDPs reveal two primary views.

Firstly, some see adaptation to current conditions and a long-term stay as the likely prospect. Some in the host community believe that IDPs should remain in their current locations for an extended period, as achieving peace in Sudan will likely take time. This view aligns with the concept of local integration, where displaced populations gradually adapt to the host community, economically and socially. Studies show that long-term displacement often leads to integration into the local economy and society, such as IDPs engaging in trade, starting businesses, and building relationships with host communities (Ver Fajth et al., 2019). However, the integration process can be challenging due to resource strain, social tensions, and cultural differences, particularly between urban IDPs and rural host populations (Elhaj 2018, Kossowska et al. 2023).

Secondly, some believe in return to areas of origin, that once peace is restored, IDPs should return to their original areas, particularly with the support of third parties. This perspective reflects the voluntary return model, which is widely considered the most sustainable solution for displaced populations, provided that security is restored, and adequate reintegration support is available (Maystadt et al., 2019). However, the challenges of return are significant, as returnees need both physical infrastructure and social support to reintegrate, and security concerns often prevent IDPs from returning to their home regions until peace is fully secured. The role of third-party support is crucial for ensuring a safe and sustainable return. Studies emphasize that external assistance, such as reconstruction, legal aid, and peacebuilding efforts, is often necessary to rebuild displaced areas and ensure the safety and dignity of returnees (Ver Fajth et al., 2019).

8.  Conclusions

The war between the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) in Khartoum and other Sudanese states has led to a devastating humanitarian crisis. The displacement about 11,018,231 internally as 29 October,2024, has exacerbated the already dire circumstances faced by the Sudanese people. The situation in Sudan reflects similar refugee-host situations as in other poor, developing and conflict affected contexts around the world – contexts in which most of the refugees are found globally. This research contributes to the field by providing an in-depth, localized case study of forced displacement in Gedarif State, Eastern Sudan. While many studies focus on broader regional trends or specific types of displacement (e.g., refugees versus IDPs), this paper offers valuable insights into the intersection of economic, social, and cultural dynamics in a specific context. It also introduces the importance of cross-border solidarity, particularly among refugee populations, a theme that is not always emphasized in mainstream displacement literature. Additionally, the research highlights the specific challenges faced by host communities in areas with weak infrastructure and governance structures. The study's emphasis on both the immediate and long-term challenges faced by Gedarif's host population, along with the adaptation strategies of IDPs, adds a new layer of understanding to the broader discourse on displacement and integration. The insights from our study feed therefore into a body of knowledge on protracted resource poor refugee situations.

The present research has examined the multifaceted implications of internal displacement on both the IDPs and the host communities within Gedarif State. Particular emphasis was placed on evaluating the social, cultural, and economic impacts experienced by the study population. Furthermore, the investigation delved into the coping mechanisms employed by the affected individuals and communities, while also scrutinizing the responses from national and international aid organizations in providing support to the study population. Our study has documented how the influx of IDPs into Gedarif has added strains to an already stretched host community, but also how both the hosts and the more established refugees have shown incredible hospitality towards the arriving IDPs. This generosity has however created its tolls as the time has gone by, as few resources have been added to uphold their livelihoods and need for basic services.

This study’s findings therefore resonate with, and in many ways expand upon, existing literature on forced displacement and its impact on host communities. Several key aspects of the study contribute to the broader field of refugee and IDP research. The study supports existing findings that the influx of IDPs often leads to economic strain in host communities, particularly in housing and infrastructure (Maystadt et al., 2019). The increased demand for housing and the strain on public services in Gedarif reflect a broader trend observed in other host regions, such as in Ethiopia and Sudan’s other states (Elhaj, 2018; Babiker et al., 2021). However, this study also adds nuance by emphasizing the potential economic benefits, such as increased local business activity and remittance-supported entrepreneurship, which have been less highlighted in the literature.

The social dynamics in Gedarif, characterized by initial solidarity followed by rising tensions over resources and cultural differences, align with findings from other regions facing displacement (Ansar & Khaled, 2021; Muzemil et al., 2023). This study adds depth to these observations by examining the specific cultural tensions that arise between urban IDPs and more rural host populations, particularly around gender roles and social norms. The experience of cross-border solidarity, particularly with Ethiopian refugees assisting Sudanese IDPs, offers a unique case of inter-group cooperation that contributes to the understanding of social resilience in displacement situations.

The cultural impacts of displacement are central to this study, with a focus on the cultural clashes between urban and rural populations. This finding builds on existing research that explores the challenges of integrating displaced populations with different cultural backgrounds into host communities (Kossowska et al., 2023; Ver Fajth et al., 2019). The study also highlights the strategies adopted by IDPs—such as reliance on remittances and small businesses—adding an important dimension to the literature on adaptation and resilience in the face of displacement.

The study's conclusion regarding the inadequate response of national and international agencies mirrors broader critiques in the literature about the limitations of humanitarian aid in crisis contexts (Maystadt et al., 2019; Elhaj, 2018). The study’s focus on the insufficient support for healthcare and sanitation systems in Gedarif adds to the growing body of research that underscores the need for more effective and sustained aid interventions, particularly in regions with weak infrastructure and limited governance capacity.

Recommendations

• Challenges facing the shelter centres are often related to inadequate access to water and sanitation facilities, improvement of these facilities is urgently needed (i.e., the fall season is already there).
  
  
• Gedarif State is known for certain endemic diseases e.g. Kala-azar, Dengue fever, etc.; therefore, preventive measures are badly required to protect the IDPs, likewise, diseases that could be transmitted from the IDPs to the host community should be prevented.
  
  
• To alleviate the housing crisis and provide better opportunities for IDPs in Gedarif State, a strategic redistribution plan should be implemented. This involves relocating IDPs to localities with greater capacity for safe, convenient settlements and job opportunities, particularly those with robust agricultural activities.
  
  
• Health problems of the IDPs are numerous, in addition to the suffering of the chronically ill patients from both the IDPs and the hosting families due rising cost of healthcare provision, necessitating the establishment of more dedicated healthcare centers with free or subsidized costs for them. Additionally, strengthening disease prevention and management strategies within the shelter centres and heavily populated neighbourhoods.
  
  
• Convention of workshops engaging both the IDPs and the hosting community to enhance the coexistence between them socially and culturally. And, to value the power of cultural exchange between them.
  
  
• To ensure a smooth and sustainable integration process, thorough studies are necessary to assess the potential economic, social, cultural, and gender-specific impacts on both IDPs and host communities. This analysis will help identify potential challenges and opportunities, enabling the development of targeted interventions and support mechanisms.
  
  
• Assessing the impacts of internal displacement is a critical yet complex task. While there is growing recognition of the challenges faced by IDPs, more in-depth research is needed to fully understand the economic, social, and cultural implications for both the IDPs and the host communities in Gedarif and other eastern Sudan States. Comprehensive studies could shed light on issues such as social integration, community dynamics, and the long-term effects on social cohesion. Policymakers would benefit from a more thorough evidence base to develop targeted interventions and support mechanisms that address the diverse needs of all affected groups.       

9.  References

Abbas, ACAPS (2024) ‘Impact of long-term displacement in the East, Sudan’. Brief Note.acaps.org/fileadmin/Data_Product/Main_media/20240308_ACAPS_Sudan_Impact_of_long-term_displacement_in_the_East.pdf

Babiker,Adam, Yassir Abubakar, Mutassim Bashir, Abdallah Onour (2021) ‘Eastern Sudan: Hosting Ethiopian refugees under tough conditions’ Sudan Brief 2021: 2

Bergen: Chr. Michelsen Institute, https://www.cmi.no/publications/7943-eastern-sudan-hosting-ethiopian-refugees-under-tough-conditions

Ansar, A. and Khaled, A.  (2021). ‘From solidarity to resistance: host communities’ evolving response to the Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh’. Journal of International Humanitarian Action (2021) 6:16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41018-021-00104-9

DTM Sudan Mobility Update (10) | Displacement Tracking Matrix (unpublished document gained from fieldwork interview, Gedarif, 2024) 

Elhaj, M. (2018). ‘The socio-economic implications of displacement in Sudan’. Sudan Journal of Social Development.

Maystadt, J et al. (2019)). ‘Impacts of Hosting Forced Migrants in Poor Countries’. Annu. Rev. Resour. Econ. 11:439–59

Kossowska, M et al. (2023). ‘The role of fear, closeness, and norms in shaping help towards war refugees’. Scientific Reports | (2023) 13:1465 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-28249-0

Muzemil, N et al. (2023) ‘Socio-economic Impacts of Internal Displacement on Displaced and Host Households: A Case Study in Gurage Zone, Ethiopia’. Horn of Africa Journal of Business and Economics (HAJBE), 2023, 6(2), PP: 39 – 54 ISSN: 2617-0078 (Print), 2617-0086

Cazabat, C., and L. Yasukawa (2020). ‘The ripple effect: economic impacts of internal displacement’. International Displacement Monitoring Center. https://api.internal-displacement.org/sites/default/files/inline-files/201810-literature-review-exec-sum-en.pdf

Ver Fajth et al. (2019). ‘How do refugees affect social life in host communities? The case of Congolese refugees in Rwanda’. Fajth et al. Comparative Migration Studies (2019) 7:33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40878-019-0139-1

 

Notes

^[1] A refugee camp in Gedarif State, Eastern Sudan, provides shelter to a diverse population of Ethiopian refugees.